topics:  | india | reference | ancient

I am he whom I love, and he whom I love is I: We are two spirits dwelling in
one body. If thou seest me, thou seest him, And if thou seest him, thou seest
us both."* - Al-Hallaj, 1388, p.405

Contents

VOLUME 1 - A.L. Basham, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler
http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/D78D9579E8F3D3546525733100176272?OpenDocument&StartKey=Sources&count=50
	Preface to the Second Edition xi Preface to the First Edition xv
	Acknowledgments xix Explanatory Note and Guide to Pronunciation xxi
	Contributors xxv Chronology xxvii Map xxxiv

PART I: THE BRAHMANICAL TRADITION: THE VEDIC PERIOD (R. N. Dandekar, revised) 1
	Introduction (R. Weiler, revised) 3

    Chapter 1 Cosmic and Ritual Order in Vedic Literature 7
	Agni, 9; Heaven and Earth, 10; Varuna, 10; Indra, 12; The Sun, 13;
	Dawn, 14; Soma (1), 15; Soma (2), 16; The Primeval Sacrifice, 17; An
	Unnamed God, 19; The Origin of the World, 20; A Charm Against
	Jaundice, 21; A Charm Against Various Evils, 22; The Exorcism of
	Serpents, 23; Ritual Order: Techniques for the Sacred Fires, 24.

    Chapter 2 The Ultimate Reality in the Upanishads 29
	The Sacrificial Horse, 30; Sacrifices—Unsteady Boats on the Ocean of
	Life, 31; The Five Sheaths, 32; The Real Self, 33; The Essential
	Reality Underlying the World, 36.

PART II: JAINISM AND BUDDHISM (A. L. Basham) 41
	Introduction: The Background of Jainism and Buddhism 43

    Chapter 3 The Basic Doctrines of Jainism 49
	The Origin and Development of Jainism 49 Jain Doctrines and Practices
	52 Jain Literature 58 Of Human Bondage, 59; The Man in the Well, 59;
	Kinsfolk Are No Comfort in Old Age, 61; All Creation Groans Together
	in Torment, 62; Creatures Great and Small, 63; The Eternal Law, 64;
	Respect for Life, 65; The Hero of Penance and Self-Control, 66;
	Cheerfully Endure All Things, 67; Wise Men and Fools, 68; Two Ways of
	Life, 69; The Refuge of All Creatures, 71; The Final Penance, 71;
	Moral Verses, 72.

    Chapter 4 Jain Philosophy and Political Thought 76
	Of Space and Time, 78; There is No Creator, 80; The Plurality of
	Souls, 82; The Ideal King I, 84; The Ideal King II, 85; Practical
	Advice on War and Peace, 87; The Miseries and Dangers of Politics, 88,

    Chapter 5 Theravada Buddhism 93
	Basic Doctrines of Tkeravdda Buddhism 100 The Four Noble Truths, 100;
	The Nature of Consciousness and the Chain of Causation, 101; False
	Doctrines About the Soul, 103; The Simile of the Chariot, 105; Change
	and Identity, 106; The Process of Rebirth, 108; Karma, 108; Right
	Mindfulness, 109; The Last Instructions of the Buddha, 111; The
	Buddha in Nirvana, 112; The City of Righteousness, 113.  The Ethics
	of Theravada Buddhism 114 The Morals of the Monk, 115; Care of the
	Body, 116; "Lay Not Up for Yourselves Treasures upon Earth....",
	117; The Virtue of Friendliness, 118; Hatred and Love, 119; Buddhism
	and Everyday Life, 120.  Society and the State in Theravada Buddhism
	125 How the World Evolved, 127; The Origin of Society and State, 128;
	The Ideal of Government, and the Decay and Growth of Civilization,
	133; Conditions of the Welfare of Societies, 138; Birth Is No
	Criterion of Worth, 139; Ashoka; The Buddhist Emperor, 141.

    Chapter 6 Mahayana Buddhism: "The Greater Vehicle" 153
	The Bodhisattva, 160; The Mahayana Ideal is Higher Than That of the
	Theravada, 160; The Suffering Savior, 161; The Lost Son, 163; Against
	Self-Mortification, 167; Joy in All Things, 168; The Good Deeds of
	the Bodhisattva, 169; The Evils of Meat-Eating, 170; The Gift of
	Food, 171; The Three Bodies of the Buddha, 172; Emptiness, 173; Faith
	in Emptiness, 175; Karma and Rebirth, 175; Suchness, 176; All Depends
	on the Mind, 177; Nirvana is Here and Now, 177; Praise of Dharma,
	179; Perfect Wisdom Personified, 180; The Blessings of Peace, 181;
	The Divine Right (and Duty) of Kings, 182; Magical Utterances, 185.

    Chapter 7 The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt and the Decline of Buddhism in India 188
	To the Pure All Things Are Pure, 194; Everything is Buddha, 196.

PART III: THE HINDU WAY OF LIFE (V. Raghavan and R. N. Dandekar) 201
	Introduction (A.T.E.) 203 The Four Ends of Man (V. R.) 209

    Chapter 8 Dharma: The First End of Man (R.N.D.) 213
	What is Dharma? 217; The Sources and Extent of Dharma, 218; Dharma Is
	Not Static, 220; Varna-Dharma or Organization of the Four Classes,
	221; The Origin of Mixed Castes, 223; Initiation to Studenthood, 224;
	Marriage and Householder's Duties, 226; The Position of Women, 228;
	The Hermit and the Ascetic, 229; The Life-Cycle Rites, 230.

    Chapter 9 Artha: The Second End of Man (R.N.D.) 234
	Kingship 237 The Origin of Kingship, 238; The Science of Polity, 240;
	Duties of a King, 242; The Seven Limbs of the State, 244; The Circle
	of States and Interstate Policy, 247; State Administration, 249.

    Chapter 10 Kama: The Third End of Man {V. R., revised) 254
	The Science of Love and Pleasure 256 The Man of Taste and Culture,
	256; The Signs of a Girl in Love, 258; When Love Becomes Intense,
	258; Remembered Love, 259; Love Song of the Dark Lord, 261; Shiva and
	Kama: Asceticism and Erotic Passion, 262; All Passion Spent, 263.
	Aesthetics: Theory and Practice 264 Dramatic Theory and the Concept
	of Rasa, 266; Poetry, 268; Shakuntaid, 270.

    Chapter 11 Moksha: The Fourth End of Man 274
	The Bhagavad Gita: Action and Devotion (R.N.D.) 276 The Necessity of
	Action, 280; Why Karma-Yoga? 283; The Technique of Karma-Yoga, 285;
	Bhakti-Yoga: The Doctrine of Devotion, 288; Divine Manifestations,
	289; Philosophical Synthesis, 292; The Perfect Man, 294.  Hindu
	Philosophy {V. R., revised) 296 Sankhya 302 Ishvarakrishna, 303.
	Veddnta 308 Shankaraf 308.  Puranic Theism: The Way of Devotion:
	{V. R., revised) 319 Devotion to Vishnu as Lord, 323; Devotion to
	Shiva, 328; Devotion to Devi, the Goddess, 330.  The Tantric Way 332

    Chapter 12 The Songs of Medieval Hindu Devotion (V. R., revised) 342
	Shiva Bhakti, 345 Tirunavukkarashu, 346; Jnanasambandha, 346;
	Manikkavachakar, 346; Sun-daramurti, 347; Basavanna, 347; Mahadevi
	349; Lalla, 350.  Vishnu Bhakti, 351 The Alvars, 351; Nammalvar, 352;
	Purandaradasa, 353; Tukaram, 354; Tulsidas, 354; In Praise of
	Krishna, 359; Surdas, 359; Mirabat, 365.  Devi Bhakti, 369 Ramprasad,
	370.  Nirguna Bhakti and the Sant Tradition 371 Kabir, 373; Ravidas,
	376.

PART IV: ISLAM IN MEDIEVAL INDIA (P. Hardy; revised by C. Brunner, and D. Lelyveld) 379
	Introduction 381

    Chapter 13 The Foundations of Islam in India 383
	The Historical Background 384 The Coming of Islam to India 388 Muslim
	Orthodoxy in India 391 Piety: The Key to Paradise (Adib), 391;
	Theology: The Perfection of Faith (c Abd ul-Haqq), 393; Propaganda:
	The Indian Proof (Mihrabl), 397.  The Sharfa, or Islamic Code of
	Conduct 399 The Bases of Jurisprudence ,(al-Razi), 402; Guidance in
	the Sharia (the Hiddya), 404.

    Chapter 14 The Muslim Ruler in India 408
	The Legitimacy of Kingship 410 The Final End of Human Society Is the
	Worship of God (Barni), 410; Rulers Are Ordained by God (Hamadani),
	411; Obedience to the Sultan IsCommanded by God (Fakhr-i-Mudir), 412;
	Kingship Is Incompatible with Religious Ideals (Barni), 413; The War
	Between Good and Evit (Barni), 414; Man's Opposing Qualities and
	Their Political Implications (Barni), 415.  Duties and
	Responsibilities of a Muslim Ruler 416 The Ulama and the Ruler
	(Fakhr-i-Mudir), 416; The Ruler as Protector of the Faith (Barni),
	417; Consultation with Wise Counsellors (Barni), 419; Organizing the
	Government (Barnl), 421; The Army (Barni), 422; The Perfect Rule
	(Barni), 423; AbuM Fail's Theory of Rulership (Abul Fazl), 425; The
	Declaration of Akbar's Status as a Mujtahid (Bada'uni), 427; Against
	Rulers Misled by Wicked Ulama (Sirhindi), 428.  The Ideal Social
	Order 430 The Four-Class Division of Society (Jalali), 431; Divine
	Origin of the "Division of Labor" (Barni), 433; Rulers to Preserve
	the Social Order Willed by God (Barni), 435; The Necessity of
	Inequality (Baqir Khan), 436.  The Muslim Conquest and the Status of
	Hindus 437 Mahmud of Ghaznl (Biruni; Firishta; Abu'l Fazl), 437; The
	King's Duty to Convert Idolaters (Barni), 440; Are Hindus Zimmisi?
	(Hamadani), 442; Rights of Hindus (Nizam ud-Din Ahmad; Bada'uni;
	Aurangzab), 443.

    Chapter 15 Islamic Mysticism in India 447
	Early Sufism in India 450 The Love of God ('Ali Hujwiri), 451;
	Contemplation ('Ali Hujwiri), 452; Seeking the Path (Sharaf ud-din
	Yahya), 453; Renunciation (Sharaf ud-din Yahya), 453 The Quest for
	God the Beloved and the Knowledge of God 454 The Steps of a Disciple
	(Sharaf ud-din Yahya), 455; The Final Stage (Sharaf ud-din Yahya),
	456.  The Preservation of God's Transcendence at the Supreme Stage of
	Mystic Experience, 457 Subsistence and Annihilation ('Ali Hujwri),
	457; True Contemplation is Ineffable ('Ali Hujwiri), 458.  Sufi
	Acceptance of Orthodox Formalist Islam, 459 Orthodox Practice and
	Spiritual Experience Both Necessary ('Ali Hujwiri), 459; The
	Superiority of the Prophets over the Saints ('Ali Hujwiri] 460; The
	Pious Behavior of All Muslims (Amir Hasan Sijzi), 461.  Syncreticism
	and Orthodoxy under the Mughals 463 Akbar's Religious Outlook, 464
	The Discussion in the Hall of Worship (Bada'uni; Muhsin-i-Fani), 465;
	The Divine Faith (Muhsin-i-Fani; Bada'uni), 469.  Dard Shikoh and
	Pantheism 471 The Mystic Path (Dara Shikoh), 472; The Upanishads:
	God's Most Perfect Revelation (Dara Shikoh), 473.  Shaikh Ahmad
	Sirhindi: The Reaction to Pantheistic Mysticism, 475 Mystic Union
	with God Is Only Subjective (Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi), 476.  Shah
	Wali'Ulldh: Sufism and the Crisis of Islam in India 478 Ijtihad, or
	Legal Interpretation (Wali-Ullah), 479; The Unity of Interpretations
	of Mysticism (Wali-Ullah), 480; The Islamic Community in India
	(Wali-Ullah), 481.  Mystical Poetry and Popular Religion 483 Shah
	'Abdu'l-Latlf, 484; Bullhe Shah, 486; Wans Shah, 487; Khwaja Mir
	Dard, 488.

PART V: SIKHISM (A.T.E.) 491

    Chapter 16 Sikhism: Faith and Practice 493
	Guru Nanak (1469-1539): Life and Teachings 494 The Later Gurus and
	the Sikh Community 497 The Adi Granth and Janam Sakhis 501 Mul
	Mantra: The Basic Statement, 501; The Great Question: How Is Truth to
	Be Found?, 501; The Divine Order, 502; Human Nature, 502; The Name
	and the Word, 503; The Guru, 505; The Uselessness of Caste,
	Ceremonies, and all Externals, 505; Stories about Nanak, 506.  Gobind
	Singh: The Last Guru 508

Indic Word List 511 Bibliography 515 Index 525